(48) Drew Gilpin Faust，James Henry Hammond and the Old South: A Design for Mastery（Baton Rouge，LA，1982）．
(49) Henry C．Knight，Letters from the South and West（Boston，1824），127; NR，29（November 5，1825），160; Tregle，Louisiana in the Age of Jackson，37．
(50) IF to RB，November 14，1831，December 10，14，1831，Fol．3; IF to RB，January 9，1832，Fol．4; IF to RB，February 10，1832，Fol．5; IF and James Franklin to RB，April 24，1832，Fol．6; IF and James Franklin to RB，June 9，1832，Fol．7; IF to RB，October 26，1831，Fol．2; Samuel Franklin to RB，June 1，1831，Fol．1; IF to RB，May 31，1831，Fol．1; John Armfield to RB，July 23，1831，August 15，1831，Fol．2，RCB．Biddle: H．R．460，22nd Cong.，1st sess.，316—317; Catterall，Second Bank，143n2，Cf．502—508; Richard H．Kilbourne，Slave Agriculture and Financial Markets in Antebellum America: The Bank of the United States in Mississippi，1831—1852（London，2006），28—32．
(51) IF to RB，December 8，1832，Fol．8; IF to RB，January 29，1833，Fol．10; C．M．Rutherford to RB，December 23，1832，Fol．9; IF to RB，June 8，1832，Fol．7; IF to RB，June 9，1832，Fol．7; IF to RB，June 11，1833，Fol．11，RCB．
(52) Ethan A．Andrews，Slavery and the Domestic Slave-Trade in the United States（Boston，1836），136; E．S．Abdy，Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States（London，1835），2: 179—180; Wendell Stephenson，I saac Franklin: Slave Trader and Planter of the Old South; With Plantation Records（University，LA，1938），29—30; J．W．Ingraham，The South-West，by a Yankee（New York，1836），2: 245; RB to Franklin ＆ Co.，September 7，1832，Fol．7，RCB; Ariela J．Gross，Double Character: Slavery and Mastery in the Antebellum Courtroom（Princeton，NJ，2000），57．
(53) IF to RB，January 11，1834，Fol．13，RCB．
(54) Norfolk Democrat，December 1，1848; William Bowditch，Slavery and the Constitution（Boston，1849），89; Henry Clarke Wright，American Slavery Proved to Be Robbery and Theft（Edinburgh，1845），21; Farmers’ Gazette，March 6，1835．
(55) Andrews，Domestic Slave-Trade，166; ASAI，16; Ronald Walters，“The Erotic South: Civilization and Sexuality in American Abolitionism，”American Quarterly 25，no．2（1973）: 177—201; Elizabeth Clark，“‘The Sacred Rights of the Weak’: Pain，Sympathy and the Culture of Individual Rights in Antebellum America，”JAH 82（1995）: 463—493; Carol Lasser，“Voyeuristic Abolitionism: Sex，Gender，and the Transfor-mation of Antislavery Rhetoric，”JER 28，no．1（2008）: 83—114; Gregory Smithers，“American Abolitionism and Slave-Breeding Discourse: A Re-Evaluation，” Slavery and Abolition 33，no．4（2012）: 551—570; IF to RB，November 1，1833，Fol．12; IF to RB，January 11，1834，Fol．13; J．Franklin to RB，March 7，1834，Fol．13，RCB．
(56) Wood，“One Woman So Dangerous”; Johnson，Soul by Soul，114; IF to RB，January 11，1834，Fol．13; Sam Wakefield to RB，August 16，1836，Fol．17; Bacon Tait to RB，August 13，1839，Fol．28，RCB．
(57) R．B．Beverley to W．B．Beverley，July 2，1842，Sec．46，Beverley Papers，VHS; Nancy Bieller to Jacob Bieller，August 16，1836; Jacob Bieller Will，December 8，1834; Bieller v. Biellernotes，BIELLER; Robt．Hairston to G．Hairston，April 13，1852; P．Hairston to G．Hairston，June 8，1852，Fol．2，George Hairston Papers，SHC; Jas．Hairston to P．W．Hairston，May 13，1852，vol．9，P．W．Hairston Papers，SHC; Henry Wiencek，The Hairstons: An American Family in Black and White（New York，1999）．
(58) Louisa Picquet and Hiram Mattison，Louisa Picquet，The Octoroon: Or，Inside Views of Southern Domestic Life（New York，1861），10—19; N．E．Benson to E．Benson，May 3，1837，Benson-Thompson Papers，Duke．
(59) IF to RB，January 9，1832，Fol．4; C．M．Rutherford to RB，February 19，1853，Fol．187，RCB; Philip Thomas to Finney，July 24，1859; P．Thomas to Jack，November 26，1859，William Finney Papers，Duke．
(60) Jas．Franklin to RB，March 27，1832，Fol．5，RCB．
(61) Moses Alexander to Wm．Graham，July 8，1836，Papers of William Graham（Raleigh，NC，1957—1992），1: 432—435．Discussions of “animal spirits” in the economy have usually left out sex，from Charles Mackay，Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds（London，1852），all the way to John K．Galbraith，A Short History of Financial Euphoria（New York，1993），and beyond．
(62) Undated note，Fol．1824，A．P．Walsh Papers，LLMVC．
(63) Irene Neu，“J．B．Moussier and the Property Banks of Louisiana，”Business History Review 35，no．4（1961）: 550—557; Redlich，Molding of American Banking，1: 206—207; Earl S．Sparks，History and Theory of Agricultural Credit in the United States（New York，1932），6．
(64) New Orleans Argus，February 26，1828．
(65) George Green，Finance and Economic Development in the Old South: Louisiana Banking，1804—1861（Palo Alto，CA，1972），113—117; Lavergne à Manuel Andry，September 14，1828，Fol．1A/1; Interr．Oliver Morgan with John R．Dewitt，March 19，1829; J．DeWitt application，March 24，1829，Fol．1A/4; Mortgage Book，vol．68，CAPL Papers，LLMVC．
(66) “Slaves'Deaths on Ste．Sophie，October 1824—March 1829，”Ste．Sophie/ Live Oak Records，Tulane．
(67) Robert Carson to Henderson Forsyth，December 3，1836，John Forsyth Papers，Duke; Natchez Gazette，October 20，1830; Miles，Jacksonian Democracy，24; James Silver，“Land Speculation Profits in the Chickasaw Cession，”J S H 10（1944）: 84—92．
(68) Wilentz，Rise of American Democracy，364，874—875n13; Catterall，Second Bank，243—286; Baltimore Patriot，July 12，1831; New York American，July 10，1819; Frank Otto Gathell and John McFaul，“The Outcast Insider: Reuben Whitney and the Bank War，”Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 91（1967）: 115—144; Frank Otto Gathell，“Sober Second Thoughts on Van Buren，the Albany Regency，and Wall Street，”JAH 53（1966）: 19—40．
(69) Biddle to Thomas Cadwalader，July 3，1832，Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle，192—193; Samuel Smith to Jackson，June 17，1832，CAJ，4: 449．
(70) Donald B．Cole，A Jackson Man: Amos Kendall and the Rise of American Democracy（Baton Rouge，LA，2004）．
(71) John Anderson to Polk，January 25，1833，JKP，2: 47—49; Jackson's Veto Message，[domain] May 3，2012．
(72) Biddle to William G．Bucknor，July 13，1832，Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle，195; Martin Van Buren，The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren，ed．John Fitzpatrick（Washington，DC，1920），625; Remini，Andrew Jackson and American Freedom，2: 366; Daniel Walker Howe，What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America，1815—1848（New York，2007）; William Lee Miller，Lincoln's Virtues: An Ethical Biography（New York，2002）．
(73) Biddle to Henry Clay，August 1，1832，Correspondence of Nicholas Biddle，196—197．
(74) Baptist，Creating an Old South; J．Mills Thornton，Politics and Power in a Slave Society: Alabama，1800—1860（Baton Rouge，LA，1978）; Harry L．Watson，Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America（New York，1990）．
(75) Jackson to Polk，August 31，1833，JKP，2: 106—107．
(76) Pet banks increased from seven to thirty-five between 1833 and 1836: Frank Otto Gathell，“Spoils of the Bank War: Political Bias in the Selection of the Pet Banks，” AHR 70（1964）: 35—58; Harry N．Scheiber，“Pet Banks in Jacksonian Economy and Finance，1833—1841，”Journal of Economic History 23（1963）: 196—214; Miles，Jacksonian Democracy，74—75; Peter Temin，The Jacksonian Economy（New York，1969），73—76; US Congress，House of Representatives，“Condition of Banks，1840，” 26th Cong.，2nd sess.，H．Doc．111（Serial 385），1441; D．W．Jordan to Emily Jordan，August 3，1833，and D．W．Jordan to Richard Evans，October 15，1833，D．W．Jordan Papers，Duke; IF and J．Franklin to RB，October 29，1833，Fol．11; IF to RB，November 5，1833，Fol．12，RCB; Knight to William Beall，February 8，1834，John Knight Papers，Duke; Green，Finance and Economic Development，90—94．
(77) Thomas Govan，Nicholas Biddle: Nationalist and Public Banker，1786—1844（Chicago，1959），253; Howe，What Hath God Wrought，391n61; IF to RB，February 7，1834; James Franklin to RB，Fol．13，RCB; S．S．Prentiss to Mother，March 23，1834，in George L．Prentiss，A Memoir of S. S. Prentiss（New York，1856），1: 139．
(78) Miles，Jacksonian Democracy，76; Tregle，Louisiana in the Age of Jackson，281—284; Cf．J．Franklin to RB，December 19，1833，Fol．12，RCB; Claiborne，Mississippi，409—416; John Wurts to Polk，December 19，1833，JKP，2: 186; John Welsh to Polk，December 28，1833，JKP，2: 200—202; Parton，Life of Jackson，2: 549—550; Biddle to Poindexter，February 22，1834; IF to RB，February 7，1834; James Franklin to RB，Fol．13，RCB; Terry Cahal to Polk，January 2，1834，and William Jenkins to Polk，January 3，1834，JKP，2: 209—211，217．
(79) US Congress，“Condition of Banks，”249，299，535; R．T．Hoskins to R．T．Brownrigg，December 19，1835，Brownrigg Papers，SHC; Thomas Abernethy，“The Early Development of Commerce and Banking in Tennessee，”Mississippi Valley Historical Review 14（1927）: 321—322; R．W．Hidy，“The Union Bank Loan of 1832: A Case Study in Marketing，”Journal of Political Economy 47（1939）: 232—352; Miles，Jacksonian Democracy，140—141; Roeder，“New Orleans Merchants，”334．
(80) Jane Knodell，“Rethinking the Jacksonian Economy: The Impact of the 1832 Bank Veto on Commercial Banking，”Journal of Economic History 66（2006）: 541—574; Edward E．Baptist，“Borrowed by the Lash: Enslaved People as Collateral in the Great Divergence，”Paper presented at Capitalizing on Finance Conference，Huntington Library，Pasadena，CA，April 13，2013．
(81) American State Papers: Land，2: 495—497; Claiborne，Mississippi，411—417; US Congress，“Condition of Banks，”290，325—344; Henry Clay to Wm．Mercer，August 13，1834，William Mercer Papers，Tulane．
(82) Anna Whitteker to Emily Dupuy，May 10，1835，Emily Dupuy Papers，Mss1D9295b，Sect．1，VHS．
(83) Miles，Jacksonian Democracy，118—119; [ ]to Thomas Wyche，February 9，1835，Wyche-Otey Papers，SHC; IF to RB，March 30，1834，Fol．13; James Blakey to RB，August 6，1834，Fol．15; IF to RB，September 17，1834，Fol．15，RCB．
(84) Thomas Dorsey to J．Bieller，April 15，1835，Fol．1/7，BIELLER; Isham Harrison to Thomas Harrison，October 14，1834，Fol．3，James Harrison Papers，SHC．
第8章
(1) William Colbert，AS，6．1（AL），81—82．
(2) Lewis Clarke，“Leaves from a Slave's Journal of Life，”ed．Lydia Maria Child，National Anti-Slavery Standard，October 20，27，1842，78—79，83; Orlando Patterson，Rituals of Blood: Consequences of Slavery in Two American Centuries（New York，1999）; S．Ford to Bieller，n．d.，Fol．2/15，BIELLER; Archibald Hyman to L．Thompson，June 30，1860，Lewis Thompson Papers，SHC．
(3) Ford to Bieller，n．d．Fol．2/15，BIELLER; Jos．Labrenty to J．Waddill，September 22，1838，Elijah Fuller Papers，SHC．
(4) Wiley Childress，AS，16．6（TN），9; Martha Bradley，AS，6．1（AL），47; Anthony Abercrombie，AS，6．1（AL），7．
(5) Peter Corn，AS，11．2（MO），87; Henry Waldon，AS，11．1（AR），15—16; Columbus Williams，AS，11．1（AR），155; William Read to Downey，August 18，1848，S．S．Downey Papers，Duke; cf．Thomas Foster，“The Sexual Abuse of Black Men Under American Slavery，”Journal of the History of Sexuality 20，no．3（2011）: 445—464．
(6) David Walker，Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World（Boston，1829），14—15，23，28，32; 1842 Speech of Lewis Clarke，ST，152，157—158; Robert Falls，AS，16．6（TN），16; “Violence，Protest，and Identity: Black Masculinity in Antebellum America，”in James O．Horton，Free People of Color: Inside the African-American Community（Washington，DC，1993）; Orlando Patterson，Slavery and Social Death: A Comparative Study（Cambridge，MA，1982）; Claude Meillassoux，The Anthropolog y of Slavery: The Womb of Iron and Gold（Chicago，1991）; Ann Clark，AS，4．1（TX），223—224; George Cato，AS，S2，11（SC），98; AS，18（TN），95; Francis Burdett to R．C．Ballard（RB），July 3，1848，Fol．130，RCB．
(7) “Mrs．Webb，”MW，209; Charity Bowers，ST，266; Scott Bond，AS，S2，1（AR），33．
(8) CHSUS，3: 24，599．
(9) Andrew V．Remini，Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Democracy（New York，1984），3: 418—419，367—368．
(10) Sean P．Kelley，“‘Mexico in His Head’: Slavery and the Texas-Mexico Border，1810—1860，”Journal of Social History 37（2004）: 709—723; Sean P．Kelley，“Black-birders and Bozales: African-Born Slaves on the Lower Brazos River of Texas in the Nineteenth Century，”Civil War History 54，no．4（2008）: 406—424; Randolph Campbell，An Empire for Slavery（Baton Rouge，LA，1989），54; Dudley G．Wooten，A Comprehensive History of Texas，1685 to 1897（Austin，TX，1986），1: 759; J．F．Perry to Lastraps ＆ Desmare，January 15，1834，Stephen Austin Papers，3: 39—40; Paul D．Lack，“Slavery and the Texas Revolution，”Southwestern Historical Quarterly 89（1985）: 181—202．
(11) Richmond Enquirer，October 27，1835，January 4，1836; Ernest Shearer，Robert Potter: Remarkable North Carolinian and Texan（Houston，1951），49; Essex Gazette，May 14，1836; Thomas Hardeman to Polk，March 31，1836，3: 567—668，JKP．Harrison's son was released unharmed and died in Ohio，genitalia intact，in 1840．Twenty-five Alamo dead were New Orleans volunteers: Edward L．Miller，New Orleans and the Texas Revolution（College Station，TX，2004），154．
(12) Jn．Lockhead to W．H．Hatchett，August 26，1836，William Hatchett Papers，Duke．White southerners saw Texas as a new empire for slavery; cf．Eugene Barker，Mexico and Texas，1821—1835（Dallas，1928）; Alexandria Gazette，May 19，1836; Wm．Christy to Jos．Ellis，March 22，1836，Miller，New Orleans and the Texas Revolution; New York Express，April 4，1837; Washington Intelligencer，April 30，1836．
